Sexual function is a complex and dynamic interplay of physiological, psychological, and hormonal factors. Among the myriad of influencers, hormones play a pivotal role in shaping desire, arousal, satisfaction, and emotional connection in intimate relationships. But, how well do we understand the intricate workings of our own bodies and brains? How do our hormones change over the lifespan, and is there anything that can be done if hormonal functioning is impacting sexual health? So, let's get to know our hormones!
Estrogen
Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone responsible for the development of female sexual characteristics and reproductive function. Estrogen plays a central role in female sexual response, facilitating vaginal lubrication during arousal, maintaining elasticity of vaginal tissues, and enhancing blood flow to the genitals, allowing for arousal and comfortable sexual activity. Estrogen fluctuates throughout the menstrual cycle and can influence sexual desire and sensitivity, with higher estrogen levels typically associated with increased sexual motivation and arousal.
Progesterone
Progesterone is another primary female sex hormone. Progesterone is primarily involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, but also plays a role in the central nervous system and can influence mood, sleep, and other brain functions. Estrogen and progesterone levels typically reach their peak in the mid to late 20's and begins to drop over the course of adulthood, contributing to the development of menopause, which is when the ovaries stop releasing eggs, estrogen, and progesterone. After this time, natural pregnancy is no longer possible without the assistance of medical intervention.
Testosterone
Testosterone if the primary male sex hormone. Testosterone plays an important role in male sexual function as it impacts libido, erectile function, and sperm production. Testosterone is also responsible for the changes that take place during puberty and also contribute to the building of muscle mass and bone health. Testosterone is also linked to things like mood, energy levels, and cognitive function. Testosterone typically reaches its peak in early adulthood and will typically begin to decline by the early to mid-20's, reducing by approximately 1% per year. As testosterone drops, men reach a stage called andropause, in which sexual function may change, men experience loss of muscle mass, and increased signs of fatigue.
Oxytocin
Sometimes referred to as the "love hormone" or "bonding hormone," oxytocin is released during intimate physical contact and sexual activity. This hormone promotes feelings of attachment, trust, and intimacy between partners, fostering emotional connection and bonding. This hormone is also released during breastfeeding which facilitates the bonding between the baby and mother. Increased oxytocin levels during sexual activity may enhance sexual pleasure and satisfaction, contributing to overall relationship satisfaction.
Cortisol and Adrenaline
Cortisol and adrenaline are stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands in response to perceived threats or stressors. While acute stress responses can temporarily increase arousal and sexual desire, chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels may negatively impact sexual function by suppressing libido, causing fatigue, and disrupting hormonal balance. Balancing stress levels and practicing stress management techniques are essential for maintaining healthy sexual function and overall well-being. The cortisol and adrenaline systems are regulated by something called the HPA Axis, or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and is commonly dysregulated following trauma, which is why individuals with significant trauma histories regularly experience changes in sexual function (see upcoming blog on this!).
Dopamine, Serotonin, and Endorphins
Dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters but also serve as hormones in the body. These neurotransmitters, couples with endorphins, are involved in the brain's reward system and play a role in regulating mood, pleasure, and satisfaction. Dopamine is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward during sexual activity, while serotonin influences mood and may affect sexual desire and satisfaction. Endorphins, often referred to as "feel-good hormones," are released during sexual activity and contribute to feelings of pleasure and well-being.
Hormones are chemical signals that send messages throughout the body. As sexual health and sexual function is linked to a complicated interconnected network of different systems in the body, how our hormones operate play a crucial role in healthy sexual function. These hormones work collaboratively to impact sensations, emotions, and responses in sexual function, shaping ones sexual behaviors. Understanding the roles of testosterone, oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, adrenaline, and other hormones can empower individuals and couples to navigate sexual challenges, better understand their experiences, and seek the correct kinds of support for the healthy interactions between the mind and body.
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